In the course of 1940 and 1950 decades, traditional planning methods (top-down), in ‎practice, lost their ability to solve community problems by providing, implementing ‎and appraisal of development plans. On the other hand, people lost their trust to their ‎efficiency. People asked for a new paradigm of plans that was effective, participatory, ‎flexible and popular. In order to answer to this need, participatory planning came to ‎exist. The basis of participatory methods in on transformation of demand to objective ‎and objective to practice‏.‏‎‎ The objective of this survey is to investigate and explain procedures, methods and ‎tools of citizens" PARTICIPATION to provide urban development plans. Following ‎questions are considered in this article‏: ‏ ‎‎ What are citizens" PARTICIPATION methods in providing urban development plans? Are ‎there any special and unique techniques to reach to each participatory method? ‎Eventually, which method bas more potentials for objective compilation, needs ‎recognition, priority consideration and making communication easier? Research ‎method in this survey is descriptive. When plans harmonize with societies" objectives, ‎values and potentials, we have the best kind of participatory method. Findings of this ‎survey explain that planning on the neighborhood level is more suitable than other ‎methods, because it emphasize on two main objectives: 1- To make closer local ‎organizations to people, 2- To regulate urban functions with needs of particular areas. ‎In this article each of these variables is studied‏.‏

Although the item of people co- ordination is rooted back in ancient , but the poverty and changes in city growth absorbed history new settlers in suburb.Whereas a lack in urban and economic management system caused the expansion of poverty and led to citizens’ separation, living in suburb, meanwhile, created a new and complex concept to "people Co- Ordination" and brought it to a higher and public level than individual one.In 1346, the project of "The 9th of Aban Complex" which aimed to set up homes for home -lesses and ghetto was not welcomed by this group of new citizens.This article focuses on this fact that, while the government development programs couldn't meet the favorite needs and destruction of ghettoes was taken as an artificial remedy, how would be the future perspective of this fact if it happens from the opposite side?According to the facts mentioned above: 1- what are the main bases of active co-ordination in suburbanization? 2- How will the social engineering and supporting solutions be formed in order to help suburbanite?3- What are the suitable steps taken by government to empower of settlers in rural?4- And finally what are the most important limitations and obstacles against people co - ordination?

Although the citizenship status and rights and obligations relating thereto, included discussions of the ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle but it should be said this concept has been changed over the years. Citizenship in the modern world was considered to philosophers on 18 century.Modern citizenship in the industrial developed countries is the result of democratic process in these communities during three centuries. In 18century most basic civil rights of citizenship in the community was the main rights of citizens after that law and other personal freedoms and the plan was fighting for its realization.Nineteenth century was the time of struggling to achieve political rights and social classes or political citizenship which means that the struggle for equal rights for voting; the role of media can not be ignored. In 18 century, political and professional media played a major role in the realization of democratic revolution, Finally, in twentieth century the process of realization of democratic ideas in a way to equal social rights for citizens, Efforts to equal rights in education, health and other social benefits to the most fundamental and seeking for justice activities took place.Media can provide educational functions, news and information, and take a short track to achieve new methods of citizen PARTICIPATION.

Interdiction: The current study investigates the degree of involvement of Tehran in social PARTICIPATION using the concepts related to fuzzy sets. The level of involvement of Tehran citizens in social trust and social solidarity as well as causal requirements for social PARTICIPATION is evaluated through consistency and coverage index. Method: The research is an applied, descriptive, and cross-sectional one. Documentary data has been collected in the field. The statistical population include15 years or older residents in 22 districts of Tehran and the sample size is 920 subjects selected through random sampling and analyzed by questionnaire. Finding and Conclusion: The results showed that all the studied cases (22 districts of Tehran Municipality) has confirmed that social trust and solidarity is the causal requirement for social PARTICIPATION of citizens in Tehran. Social trust and social solidarity cover 0. 6247% and 0. 4734% of social PARTICIPATION in Tehran, respectively; this shows that social trust is a more important variable in Tehran involvement in social PARTICIPATION.

Background and Purpose: Crime, as a phenomenon rooted in the social history of human beings, has grown in line with the progress of societies. Although all crimes somehow undermine security, in some crimes, this characteristic is more obvious and is directly related to public security and comfort, which are called security crimes. Throughout this period, “crime detection” has sometimes benefited from individual and group experiences, and sometimes, institutions and organizations have identified criminals by following codified patterns. The present study examines the pattern of utilizing citizen PARTICIPATION in security “crime detection” (with an emphasis on the McKinsey framework). Method: This research is “applied-developmental” in terms of its purpose and exploratory in terms of its type, which was conducted using a qualitative method (content analysis). First, by reviewing the theoretical literature, the dimensions and components of security crime detection using citizens’ PARTICIPATION were extracted and presented in the McKinsey model. Finally, to validate the results, the initial model was presented to a focus group of security crime detection experts, and the final model was rewritten considering their corrective comments. Findings: According to the experts’ views, the pattern of utilizing citizen PARTICIPATION in security crime detection (with an emphasis on the McKinsey framework) includes 7 dimensions and 31 identifiable components that emphasize the need analysis of citizens, creating a platform for active PARTICIPATION of minorities and ethnicities, youth, special PARTICIPATION of women and NGOs, as well as using citizens as sources and informants, using them in field research on suspects and subjects, tracking and monitoring in cyberspace including identifying and tracking subjects in cyberspace and combating anti-security crises (riots, protests, etc.) and monitoring surveillance devices (urban cameras, technical equipment, etc.). Conclusion: In this regard, the research results emphasize the necessity of creating a” security crime detection structure utilizing the citizens’ capacity” as a headquarters in the Police Intelligence Organization and to predict executive units within specialized police forces. It also refers to requirements such as police-citizen academies, a website, and a social network for the police and the crime detection unit.

Public PARTICIPATION in municipal decision-making process is a key element of urban comprehensive development and increasing peoples’ PARTICIPATION in municipal activities can play an important role in urban balance. The aim of this study was to analyze the amount of PARTICIPATION of citizens in Gonbad in the management of municipal affairs and also identifying benefits and barriers and providing strategies to attract citizens’ PARTICIPATION in improving the management of the city. This research in term of nature and purpose is practical and its research method is descriptive-analytic. The statistical population is all household heads in Gonbad that utilizes the Cochran formula using simple random sampling of selected 320 samples. The data were collected by questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS software. Cronbach's alpha was obtained for different parts of the questionnaire (87.3) which reflects the high capabilities of trust and confidence of research tools. The results of the research showed that a significant relationship at the level of 99% between the independent variables that involve citizen satisfaction municipal services, which depicts the trust of citizens in relation to city managers. Awareness of the citizens of the town management plan and association of citizens was the dependent variable. The results of analysis of variance showed that between the variables such as gender, age, education, economic and social status - with the amount of citizen PARTICIPATION there is a significant difference.